We build the past tense in Polish with a specific root used for the past tense and the right ending according to which person is involved.
In order to build the specific root used for the past tense we begin from the infinitive, eg. "to drink" - "pić". Depending on how the Polish infinitive ends, there are different ways to form the root used to build the past tense:
General Rule: infinitive ending up with a vowel + ć, -ść, -źć, -c
We delete the "ć" and we add "ł" for all persons except for the plural masculine where we add "l" (without diagonal bar).
eg. lubić → lubił...(all persons) / lubil... (masculine plural)
eg. pić → pił...(all persons) / pil... (masculine plural)
eg. dać → dał...(all persons) / dal... (masculine plural)
eg. gryźć → gryzł...(all persons) / gryzl... (masculine plural)
eg. móc → mogł...(all persons) / mogl... (masculine plural)
Examples
Być
| ||
Masculine | Feminine | Neutral |
Ja byłem |
Ja byłam
| |
Ty byłeś
|
Ty byłaś
| |
On był
|
Ona była
|
Ono było
|
My byliśmy |
My byłyśmy
| |
Wy byliście |
Wy byłyście
| |
Oni byli |
One były
|
Lubić
|
Pić
| ||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neutral | Masculine | Feminine | Neutral |
Ja lubiłem |
Ja lubiłam
| Ja piłem |
Ja piłam
| ||
Ty lubiłeś
|
Ty lubiłaś
|
Ty piłeś
|
Ty piłaś
| ||
On lubił
|
Ona lubiła
|
Ono lubiło
|
On pił
|
Ona piła
|
Ono piło
|
My lubiliśmy |
My lubiłyśmy
| My piliśmy |
My piłyśmy
| ||
Wy lubiliście |
Wy lubiłyście
| Wy piliście |
Wy piłyście
| ||
Oni lubili |
One lubiły
| Oni pili |
One piły
|
Gryźć
|
Móć
| ||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neutral | Masculine | Feminine | Neutral |
Ja gryzłem |
Ja gryzłam
| Ja mogłem |
Ja mogłam
| ||
Ty gryzłeś
|
Ty gryzłaś
|
Ty mogłeś
|
Ty mogłaś
| ||
On gryzł
|
Ona gryzła
|
Ono gryzło
|
On mógł
|
Ona mogła
|
Ono mogło
|
My gryźliśmy |
My gryzłyśmy
| My mogliśmy |
My mogłyśmy
| ||
Wy gryźliście |
Wy gryzłyście
| Wy mogliście |
Wy mogłyście
| ||
Oni gryźli |
One gryzły
| Oni mogli |
One mogły
|
Infinitive ending up with - eć
We delete "eć" and we add "ał", except for the masculine plural where we add "el" (without the diagonal bar).
eg. mieć → miał...(all persons) / miel... (masculine plural)
eg. chcieć → chciał...(all persons) / chciel... (masculine plural)
Examples
Mieć
|
Chcieć
| ||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neutral | Masculine | Feminine | Neutral |
Ja miałem |
Ja miałam
| Ja chciałem |
Ja chciałam
| ||
Ty miałeś
|
Ty miałaś
|
Ty chciałeś
|
Ty chciałaś
| ||
On miał
|
Ona miała
|
Ono miało
|
On chciał
|
Ona chciała
|
Ono chciało
|
My mieliśmy |
My miałyśmy
| My chcieliśmy |
My chciałyśmy
| ||
Wy mieliście |
Wy miałyście
| Wy chcieliście |
Wy chciałyście
| ||
Oni mieli |
One miały
| Oni chcieli |
One chciały
|
Infinitive which ends up with - ąć
We delete "ąć" and we add "ęł", except for the masculine singular where we add "ął".
es. ciągnąć → ciągnęł... (all persons) / ciągnął... (masculine singular)
es. zacząć → zaczęł...(all persons) / zaczął... (masculine singular)
Examples
Ciągnąć
|
Zaciąć
| ||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neutral | Masculine | Feminine | Neutral |
Ja ciągnąłem |
Ja ciągnęłam
| Ja zacząłem |
Ja zaczęłam
| ||
Ty ciągnąłeś
|
Ty ciągnęłaś
|
Ty zacząłeś
|
Ty zaczęłaś
| ||
On ciągnął
|
Ona ciągnęła
|
Ono ciągnęło
|
On zaczął
|
Ona zaczęła
|
Ono zaczęło
|
My ciągnęliśmy |
My ciągnęłyśmy
| My zaczęliśmy |
My zaczęłyśmy
| ||
Wy ciągnęliście |
Wy ciągnęłyście
| Wy zaczęliście |
Wy zaczęłyście
| ||
Oni ciągnęli |
One ciągnęły
| Oni zaczęli |
One zaczęły
|
Past Tense Endings
Past endings in Polish change according to the subject: masculine, feminine or neutral. Neutral subject exists only as third singular person.
Masculine | Feminine | Neutral |
Ja ...-em | Ja ...-am | Ø |
Ty ...-eś | Ty ...-aś | Ø |
On -Ø | Ona ...-a | Ono ...-o |
My ...-iśmy | My ...-yśmy | Ø |
Wy ...-iście | Wy ...-yście | Ø |
Oni ...-i | One ...-y | Ø |
Perfective and Imperfective Aspect in Polish Verbs
This characteristic of verbs changes depending if we focus on the fact that the action is, was or will be concluded (perfective) or that the action or happening is still going on, or was still going on, or will be still going on (imperfective).
In English we often use the progressive in order to express the imperfective aspect:
eg. I am / he was / they will be eating. The focus is clearly on the moment in which the action is performed, and we are not interested whether the action is finished or not. For this reson in this sentence the aspect of the verb is clearly imperfective.
eg. I ate / he has eaten / they will eat the cake. In this case we know that the action is finished, or was finhed, or will be finished - as the cake has disappeared or will disappear. The aspect is then perfective.
Also in English there is sometimes a clear distinction between perfective and imperfective:
eg. I have washed the dishes, I washed the dishes. The action is finished, the aspect is perfective.
eg. I was washing the dishes, I have been washing the dishes. the action is not finished, the aspect is imperfective.
In English we often use the progressive in order to express the imperfective aspect:
eg. I am / he was / they will be eating. The focus is clearly on the moment in which the action is performed, and we are not interested whether the action is finished or not. For this reson in this sentence the aspect of the verb is clearly imperfective.
eg. I ate / he has eaten / they will eat the cake. In this case we know that the action is finished, or was finhed, or will be finished - as the cake has disappeared or will disappear. The aspect is then perfective.
Also in English there is sometimes a clear distinction between perfective and imperfective:
eg. I have washed the dishes, I washed the dishes. The action is finished, the aspect is perfective.
eg. I was washing the dishes, I have been washing the dishes. the action is not finished, the aspect is imperfective.
eg. I have eaten the apples. The focus is on the fact that the action is finished and all apples have been eaten.
eg. I have eaten apples. The focus is on the action performing, so it is imperfective.
Sometimes adverbs such as "all night long, for 1 year etc." make clear the aspect is imperfective, as the focus is on a the period of time.
Adverbs such as "in 5 minutes, fast, in short time" focus more on the conclusion of the action, thus the aspect is more likely to be perfective.
Polish Perfective and Imperfective Aspect
In Polish there is no progressive aspect. Instead, we add a prefix to the root of the verb when the action is completed. Sometimes there are even 2 different verbs which mean the same thing, just one indicated a non-finished action and one indicates a finished action. There are also cases, in the end, where the same verb has internal variations.
Some examples:
jeść (to eat) → zjeść (to eat something - and finish it)
robić (to do) → zrobić (to do and finish something)
pić (to drink) → wypić (to drink the whole bottle or glassbere tutto)
gotować (to cook) → ugotować (to cook till the food is ready)
czytać (to read) → przyczytać (to read the whole book or newspaper)
mówić (to speak) → powiedzieć (to say something)
ubierać się (to put on something) → ubrać się (to get dressed)
Here you are a list of verbs in their perfective and imperfective form: wikipedia.
Due to the high amount of exceptions and rules it is better to know just that many verbs add "z" as prefix and many other add other forms of prefixes. Without studying all the cases it is better to learn little by little all verbs and their perfective forms when we face them.
jeść (to eat) → zjeść (to eat something - and finish it)
robić (to do) → zrobić (to do and finish something)
pić (to drink) → wypić (to drink the whole bottle or glassbere tutto)
gotować (to cook) → ugotować (to cook till the food is ready)
czytać (to read) → przyczytać (to read the whole book or newspaper)
mówić (to speak) → powiedzieć (to say something)
ubierać się (to put on something) → ubrać się (to get dressed)
Here you are a list of verbs in their perfective and imperfective form: wikipedia.
Due to the high amount of exceptions and rules it is better to know just that many verbs add "z" as prefix and many other add other forms of prefixes. Without studying all the cases it is better to learn little by little all verbs and their perfective forms when we face them.
Polish Past Tense
Fill the gaps with the past tense of the verbs in brackets
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